Do you have diabetes? Are you struggling to live with diabetes? Are you looking for information online about diabetes? Are you unsure as to what types of foods you should now be eating to help keep a check on your glucose levels? If you have answered yes to any of these questions this article may well be of interest and benefit to you.

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles.

There are 20.8 million children and adults in the United States, or 7% of the population, who have diabetes. While an estimated 14.6 million have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, 6.2 million people (or nearly one-third) are unaware that they have the disease.

In order to determine whether or not a patient has pre-diabetes or diabetes, health care providers conduct a Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Either test can be used to diagnose pre-diabetes or diabetes.

With the FPG test, a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes. A person with a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dl or higher has diabetes.

In the OGTT test, a person’s blood glucose level is measured after a fast and two hours after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. If the two-hour blood glucose level is between 140 and 199 mg/dl, the person tested has pre-diabetes. If the two-hour blood glucose level is at 200 mg/dl or higher, the person tested has diabetes.

Major Types of Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes
Results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, the hormone that “unlocks” the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. It is estimated that 5-10% of Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes
Results from insulin resistance (a condition in which the body fails to properly use insulin), combined with relative insulin deficiency. Most Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

Medications for Type 2 Diabetes

Sulfonylureas:
- GLUCOTROL XL (Glipizide)
- AMARYL (Glimepiride)

Meglitinides:
- PRANDIN (Repaglinide)
- STARLIX (Nateglinide)

Biguanides:
- GLUCOPHAGE (Metformin)

Thiazolidinediones:
- ACTOS (Pioglitazone)
- ACTOPLUS MET (Pioglitazone/Metformin)
- AVANDIA (Rosiglitazone)
- AVANDAMET (Rosiglitazone/Metformin)

Other medications:
- KARELA and DIABECON

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women – about 135,000 cases in the United States each year.

Pre-diabetes
Pre-diabetes is a condition that occurs when a person’s blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. There are 54 million Americans who have pre-diabetes, in addition to the 20.8 million with diabetes.

Additional Information

Recently Diagnosed
You or someone you love has just been diagnosed with diabetes — chances are you have a million questions running through your head. This area of our Web site can help ease your fears and teach you more about living with diabetes or caring for someone with diabetes, and connect you with others affected by diabetes who will listen and share their own experiences.

Diabetes Symptoms
Often diabetes goes undiagnosed because many of its symptoms seem so harmless. Learn what they are in this section.

Diabetes Risk Test
More than 20 million Americans have diabetes — nearly one in three does not know it! Take our diabetes risk test to see if you are at risk for having diabetes. Diabetes is more common in African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.

Diabetes Myths
Find the truth about some of the most common myths about diabetes.

The Genetics of Diabetes
You’ve probably wondered how you got diabetes. You may worry that your children will get it too. Unlike some traits, diabetes does not seem to be inherited in a simple pattern. Yet clearly, some people are born more likely to get diabetes than others.

Unlike some traits, diabetes does not seem to be inherited in a simple pattern. Yet clearly, some people are born more likely to get diabetes than others.

What leads to diabetes?

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different causes.  Yet two factors are important in both.  First, you must inherit a predisposition to the disease. Second, something in your environment must trigger diabetes.

Genes alone are not enough.  One proof of this is identical twins.  Identical twins have identical genes.  Yet when one twin has type 1 diabetes, the other gets the disease at most only half the time.  When one twin has type 2 diabetes, the other’s risk is at most 3 in 4.

Type 1 diabetes

In most cases of type 1 diabetes, people need to inherit risk factors from both parents.  We think these factors must be more common in whites because whites have the highest rate of type 1 diabetes.  Because most people who are at risk do not get diabetes, researchers want to find out what the environmental triggers are.

One trigger might be related to cold weather.  Type 1 diabetes develops more often in winter than summer and is more common in places with cold climates.  Another trigger might be viruses.  Perhaps a virus that has only mild effects on most people triggers type 1 diabetes in others.

Early diet may also play a role.  Type 1 diabetes is less common in people who were breastfed and in those who first ate solid foods at later ages.

In many people, the development of type 1 diabetes seems to take many years.  In experiments that followed relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, researchers found that most of those who later got diabetes had certain autoantibodies in their blood for years before.

(Antibodies are proteins that destroy bacteria or viruses.  Autoantibodies are antibodies ‘gone bad,’ which attack the body’s own tissues.)

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes has a stronger genetic basis than type 1, yet it also depends more on environmental factors.  Sound confusing?  What happens is that a family history of type 2 diabetes is one of the strongest risk factors for getting the disease but it only seems to matter in people living a Western lifestyle.

Americans and Europeans eat too much fat and too little carbohydrate and fiber, and they get too little exercise.  Type 2 diabetes is common in people with these habits.  The ethnic groups in the United States with the highest risk are African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Pima Indians.

In contrast, people who live in areas that have not become Westernized tend not to get type 2 diabetes, no matter how high their genetic risk.

Obesity is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes.  Obesity is most risky for young people and for people who have been obese for a long time.

Gestational diabetes is more of a puzzle.  Women who get diabetes while they are pregnant are more likely to have a family history of diabetes, especially on their mothers’ side.  But as in other forms of diabetes, nongenetic factors play a role.  Older mothers and overweight women are more likely to get gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes: your child’s risk

In general, if you are a man with type 1 diabetes, the odds of your child getting diabetes are 1 in 17.  If you are a woman with type 1 diabetes and your child was born before you were 25, your child’s risk is 1 in 25; if your child was born after you turned 25, your child’s risk is 1 in 100.

Your child’s risk is doubled if you developed diabetes before age 11.  If both you and your partner have type 1 diabetes, the risk is between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4.

There is an exception to these numbers.  About 1 in every 7 people with type 1 diabetes has a condition called type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome.

In addition to having diabetes, these people also have thyroid disease and a poorly working adrenal gland.  Some also have other immune system disorders. If you have this syndrome, your child’s risk of getting the syndrome including type 1 diabetes is 1 in 2.

Researchers are learning how to predict a person’s odds of getting diabetes.  For example, most whites with type 1 diabetes have genes called HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4.

If you and your child are white and share these genes, your child’s risk is higher.  (Suspect genes in other ethnic groups are less well studied. The HLA-DR7 gene may put African Americans at risk, and the HLA-DR9 gene may put Japanese at risk.)

Other tests can also make your child’s risk clearer.  A special test that tells how the body responds to glucose can tell which school-aged children are most at risk.

Another more expensive test can be done for children who have siblings with type 1 diabetes.  This test measures antibodies to insulin, to islet cells in the pancreas, or to an enzyme called glutamic acid decarboxylase.  High levels can indicate that a child has a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes: your child’s risk

Type 2 diabetes runs in families.  In part, this tendency is due to children learning bad habits eating a poor diet, not exercising–from their parents.  But there is also a genetic basis.

In general, if you have type 2 diabetes, the risk of your child getting diabetes is 1 in 7 if you were diagnosed before age 50 and 1 in 13 if you were diagnosed after age 50.

Some scientists believe that a child’s risk is greater when the parent with type 2 diabetes is the mother.  If both you and your partner have type 2 diabetes, your child’s risk is about 1 in 2.

People with certain rare types of type 2 diabetes have different risks.  If you have the rare form called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), your child has almost a 1-in-2 chance of getting it, too.